Unlike Hatshepsut, she did not deny her gender as ruler. However, if the new theory is correct, the first Egyptian pharaoh Nofrusobek from the 12th dynasty could have been Moses' adoptive mother. This would fit in with the fact that Moses' crime and flight had brought disgrace on Egypt and that people wanted to erase his memory. Did they die when he was already coregent to Pharaoh and were therefore given an honorable burial by him? But Senenmut's grave was destroyed and his mummy was never found. However, the mummies of his parents »Ramose« and »Hatnofer« (Amram and Jochebed?) were found in a simple grave. In this case, Moses may have been the Egyptian Senenmut, who rose from poverty to the highest court positions and was Hatshepsut's closest confidant, but suddenly and inexplicably disappeared from the scene.
If the traditionalists are correct, then the famous pharaoh Hatshepsut, who posed as a male pharaoh, would indeed be the best candidate for the princess who pulled Moses from the Nile. This would shrink the time of the pharaohs and would not have come until around 2000 BC. While traditional Egyptian chronology places the beginning of the pharaonic period from 3000 BC, a more recent theory assumes that the pharaohs partly ruled in parallel. “How I love your law! I think about it all day.« (Psalm 119,97:XNUMX) Anyone who loves God's law, the Torah of the five books of Moses, as much as the writer of this Psalm, has certainly asked himself the question: Who were they actually? Pharaohs who ruled in the time of Joseph and Moses? Who was Moses' adoptive mother? Are Joseph, Moses, the ten plagues, and the Exodus not mentioned anywhere in extra-biblical history? But the sequence of pharaohs and their documentation on inscriptions and papyri is such a complex matter that uncertainties will probably always remain. But when it comes to events during the time of the judges and before, things get difficult.Īre there really historical extra-biblical references to biblical events of that time?Įgyptology is a well-studied branch of research and it is believed to have unearthed something about the people of Israel in Egypt at the time of Joseph and Moses. Therefore, the Bible is not completely rejected as a historical source even by atheistic historians. Other than Valikovsky, no scholar, let alone a Biblical one, has endorsed reading this quotation as proving we have a reference to the plagues caused by God through Moses.Biblical history can still be traced quite well in extra-biblical sources back to King David. The description of disturbances in the papyrus Ipuwer, when compared to the scriptural narrative, gives a strong impression that both sources relate the very same events. This discussion begins in earnest at page 21. Rather, it is only the controversial Immanuel Velikovsky in his Ages in Chaos – From the Exodus to King Akhnaton who tries to draw a connection between what is discussed in this papyrus and the plagues on Egypt for not heeding Moses. I on page 255, we read about “Ipuwer who stood before a Pharaoh” who Bromiley says is “possibly one of the last rulers of the 16th Dynasty.” In his speech, Ipuwer “placed blame for the present and past deteriorations on the present administration.” No mention of Moses is made in this synopsis. In International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D (1979) by Geoffrey W. When we try to go back and find out if the source for Erman’s quote - The Admonitions - is traceable, we find that scholars of the Bible never link Ipuwer as another name for Moses. There is an online translation of the Ipuwer Papyrus but it varies from the Down version. However, in the online 1971 edition of Erman’s book which was scanned by books.google, nothing like this appears near pages 94-101, or by computerized research.
Erman, The Ancient Egyptians: A Sourcebook of Their Writings (N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1966) at pp. Down, “Searching for Moses,” Journal of Creation 15(1):53–57, 2001 for this quote is from A. The king has been taken away by poor men.’ People are stripped of clothing, perfume and oil. The stranger people from outside are come into Egypt …. Nay but the son of the high-born man is no longer to be recognized …. He that lays his brother in the ground is everywhere …. Nay, but gates, columns and walls are consumed with fire …. Does a man drink from it? As a human he rejects it.
“Plague stalks through the land and blood is everywhere … the river is blood. It supposedly records observations of plagues that match the account in Exodus. His translation appears in his book The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage from a Hieratic Papyrus. This account at says the Ipuwer papyrus was discovered in 1828, and translated in 1909 by Prof. According to, the Leiden Museum in Holland houses a papyrus written by an ancient Egyptian named Ipuwer.
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